Science, derived from the Latin word “scientia,” meaning knowledge, encompasses systematic study, observation, and experimentation aimed at understanding natural phenomena and the underlying principles governing the universe. Throughout history, various scholars and thinkers have contributed to the development of scientific knowledge, shaping our understanding of the world. Ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Arabs made significant contributions to science, with figures like Aristotle and Alhazen laying the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry. During the European Renaissance, pioneers like Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler revolutionized scientific thought through observation, experimentation, and mathematical analysis. The scientific revolution of the 17th century further propelled the advancement of science, with figures like Isaac Newton establishing the principles of classical mechanics and universal gravitation.

Technology, on the other hand, can be understood as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, aimed at solving problems and improving the quality of life. The history of technology is intertwined with human civilization, dating back to prehistoric times when early humans developed tools and techniques for hunting, agriculture, and shelter. Over millennia, technological innovations have played a pivotal role in shaping human society, from the invention of the wheel and agriculture to the industrial revolution and the digital age. Scholars like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels analyzed the role of technology in driving social and economic change, emphasizing its influence on modes of production and class relations. Today, technology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from information technology and biotechnology to nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, driving innovation and transforming virtually every aspect of human existence